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Turenne's Winter Campaign
Turenne's Winter Campaign took place during the Franco-Dutch War of 1672-78. During December 1674 and January 1675, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, led French forces on a flank march that resulted in the defeat of an army fielded principally by the Holy Roman Empire and in that army's expulsion from Alsace.
==Background==
The Franco-Dutch War largely stemmed from the desires of King Louis XIV to achieve glory through military victory and to punish the Netherlands for what he perceived to be Dutch betrayal during the War of Devolution (1667–68). The Dutch had started that war as a French ally but, faced with Louis's growing territorial ambitions, had ended by allying with England and Sweden to curb French expansionism. Pressure from this new alliance forced Louis to accept a compromise end to the War of Devolution. Louis then paid off Sweden and England to abandon the alliance. In 1672, France invaded the Netherlands, but the Dutch managed to bog down the French advance. Soon other powers, including the Holy Roman Empire, joined the war against France.〔John Lynn, ''The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714'' (London, New York: Longman, 1999), 105-122.〕
While the main campaign of 1674 was being fought in the Netherlands, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, sought to open a second front against France in Alsace. Much of this province was under French control, but parts of it were not, such as the free city of Strasbourg.〔David Chandler, ''Atlas of Military Strategy'' (New York: the Free Press, 1980) 40; ''Peace Treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France and their respective Allies'' (Treaty of Westphalia), article 74, avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westphal.asp (accessed September 20, 2015); Lynn, ''The Wars of Louis XIV'', 110-111, 131.〕
An Imperial army under Field Marshal Alexander von Bournonville crossed the Rhine River into Alsace at Strasbourg in September 1674. Turenne attacked the Imperials on October 4 at Entzheim with a smaller force. Although the battle was indecisive tactically, it prompted Bournonville to end the 1674 campaign and enter winter quarters. There he was reinforced by troops provided by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. King Louis attempted to strengthen Turenne's army, but met with mixed success. The Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Conde (the Grand Conde) sent 20 infantry battalions and 24 cavalry squadrons from his army in the north; this helped Turenne, but he was still heavily outnumbered. The king also invoked the ''arriere ban'', a relic of feudal times calling on French nobles to support the monarchy with levies. Over 5,000 men assembled at Nancy, but they were undisciplined and useless to Turenne, who had them disbanded in November.〔David Chandler, ''Marlborough as Military Commander'' (Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount, 1984) 7; Lynn, ''The Wars of Louis XIV'', 110-111, 131-133.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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